Exploring Paleozoic Sediments in Southern Utah

Just before the pandemic locked everything down, I went on a geology hike near Comb Ridge in southern Utah with Professor Gary Gianniny, Chairman of the Department of Geosciences at Fort Lewis College in Durango, Colorado.  I’m working on a book about the canyon country of the Southwest and this was a great opportunity to learn from an expert in its geology.  While the hike primarily focused on geology, you can’t tour this region without seeing fossils.  All our fossil collecting was catch-and-release.  I took photos but did not bring back any physical specimens.  Here’s a quick overview of our hike.

We started from a point on the southeast side of a feature called the Monument Upwarp, about 16 miles west of the town of Bluff, Utah.  Here is an annotated Google Maps satellite view of the area:

Our starting point overlooked an abandoned meander of the San Juan River.  The river long ago took a shortcut by punching through a narrow wall of the meander (out of site behind the near slope), leaving it now abandoned.

From there, we turned east and went down the side of cliffs bordering Comb Wash.  During the first part of the hike on the top of the Monument Upwarp we were in the Honaker Trail Formation, a marine limestone of the Pennsylvanian Period.  Gary has done quite a bit of research on these limestones. He pointed out numerous examples of fossils in this formation.  The first was a brachiopod (I didn’t get the species).  Notice the spring-like squiggly lines along the hinge line at the top.  This is called a spiralia. Gary said it is indicative of it being a brachiopod:

Here is an example of crinoid pieces.  Gary said this limestone is made up of about 90% crinoid fragments:

As we descended, the layers got younger because of the way they were tilted.  When we got to the red layers, Gary explained we were now crossing into the Halgaito Formation, terrestrial sandstones of the Permian Period.  He pointed out fossils of plant roots encrusted in calcium carbonate (the light gray areas).  These are called rhizoliths.  He said you can still see rhizoliths forming today on the roots of modern plants.

Like most geologists who frequently get out onto the landscape, Gary was in good physical condition.  I however, was another story.  The 600-foot return climb across gullies, boulder fields, and loose scree was about the limit of my sorry physical condition.  But it was a great experience and one I wouldn’t hesitate to do again.

Digging for Fossil Fish in Wyoming

My wife, Nicki, and spent a week driving through Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming last fall.  One of our target destinations was the American Fossil Quarry outside of Kemmerer, Wyoming, to dig for fossil fish from the Green River formation, a world-famous lagerstatte—a region of extraordinary quantities of fossils of exceptional quality.  The fossils here come from the Eocene epoch about 50 million years ago.

I had corresponded with Seth, the owner of the quarry, before we left to work out the details of our visit.  He wasn’t there on the day we visited, but his assistant, Nick, was very helpful in getting us started.  I brought a bag full of tools which, as Seth had warned, were mostly unnecessary.  All you really need is a brick hammer and a thin chisel, both of which the quarry provides.  Since this was the end of the season and their chisels had undoubtedly seen hard use all summer, they had pretty blunt tips.  I had brought my own set of thin spring-steel chisels designed expressly for fossil extraction and was very happy I had them.  Nicki used the chisel they supplied and was quite successful.

It was a productive day, and we both bagged some nice finds.  The floor of the quarry was covered with a fine powder of shale, and by mid-afternoon the wind had picked up and was blowing the powder around so much we decided to call it quits.  Nick loaded our fossils onto a cart and took me over to a line of diamond saws I could use to cut off the excess matrix and trim the specimens down to a reasonable size.  As we had to fit all our finds into our car, this was very helpful.  After a quick tutorial I was happily working on my own trimming down all my specimens.

About 10 years ago we had visited the Warfield quarry across the road.  At that quarry we were right up against the rock wall where we were on our own to pry the shale from the wall (which was a bit of a chore even at my then-younger age).  At American Fossil Quarry, they extract the shale for you with a giant excavator and lay it out in rows of piles for you to access.  Probably a lot safer than being right up against a crumbly rock wall.  You don’t get the chance to record exact location and orientation of the fossils in-situ, but unless you are a professional paleontologist you won’t care.  As Nick said, this is a commercial quarry, not a scientific expedition.  The fun is in finding the fossils, which we found plenty of, even in the space of only a few hours.

The dirt road leading to the quarry is reasonable for a family car right up to the descent at the quarry entrance.   It’s then a bit of an adventure if you don’t have 4WD (which we fortunately did), but at the bottom there were even large travel trailers that had made it down safely.  If you like the idea of digging for fossils I highly encourage you to stop in at this quarry. 

Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park, Nevada

Some years ago I loaded my car with camping gear and a week’s worth of provisions and set out on my annual solo trip to explore remote corners of the American southwest.  My objective that year was the slickrock canyon country of southern Utah, where I would spend time exploring and photographing the landscape.  From California, driving to Utah means crossing the entire state of Nevada, so I decided to take a side trip to Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park.  It’s in the middle of the state, far from any civilization.  For years I had seen it marked on maps of Nevada but I didn’t know anything about it.  Since the word Ichthyosaur was prominent in the park’s name, I had to check it out.

To get there from Reno, most people would take US Highway 50 to Nevada Route 361, then south to Nevada Route 844 and east to the park.  This keeps you on paved roads for all but the last few miles to the park. But on these kinds of trips I subscribe to the axiom, “Never take an Interstate Highway when a 2-lane road will get you there, and never take a 2-lane road when a dirt road is an option.”  So I decided to take US Highway 50 to Eastgate, then south on a dirt road to the ghost towns of Ione and Berlin, and then a couple more miles to the ichthyosaurs.  When I reached Eastgate (not a town, just a private ranch off the side of the road), I shifted my SUV into four-wheel-drive mode and headed out.  The dirt portion is about a 30 mile drive down the middle of the Ione Valley.  Don’t expect Google Maps to show you this route, you will need a good AAA paper map to find it.

It was a bright summer day and I was the only one on the dirt road.  The sagebrush was barely knee high, with clear views for 10 miles in all directions, framed by the Paradise Mountains to the west and the Shoshone Mountains to the east.  It was the classic basin-and-range topography that sprawls across most of Nevada.  Besides jackrabbits and coyotes, on occasion I would see the rare American pronghorn, often incorrectly called an antelope but really the last surviving member of an otherwise extinct artiodactyl family.

Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park is home to Nevada’s state fossil, the ichthyosaur.  To get there you drive past the ghost town of Berlin, a remnant of the gold mining days of the late 1800s.  The ichthyosaurs are in a quarry on the ground, protected by a building reminiscent of the larger building at Dinosaur National Monument in Utah.  When I arrived, I was the only visitor, and no one else arrived while I was there.  I spent some time talking to the single ranger on site, a younger guy who had been there just a few months.  He was promoted and transferred here to get experience in interpretation rather than the law enforcement of his previous assignment at a state recreation area.  With only a few visitors a day (and some days in winter where there are none), he doesn’t get a lot of opportunity.

 

 
 

The ichthyosaurs are a late Triassic species called Shonisaurus, named after the nearby mountains.  They are apparently the largest known species, with lengths up to 60 feet. A life-size sculpture on a wall near the building makes them look like giant Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade balloons.  There are several specimens in the quarry and numerous fragments.  It’s a rather small quarry with no excavations currently underway, and you can see it all within an hour.  After touring the site I spent the night at the nearby campground, again the only one there.  It was a dark night with an incredible view of the stars, accompanied by an occasional coyote serenade.    

If you go, do it for the total experience of the trip, not just the ichthyosaurs.  Take time to explore the Berlin ghost town and spend a night camping out.  Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park is a great place to get away from the rush of civilization and discover a bit of history and prehistory in a remote location.

Triangulating Your Position

I recently picked up a book on map and compass navigation at a local library book sale.  In reading though it, I was particularly interested in a topic they called “Resection.”  If you’re in the medical profession, you’re familiar with that term, as it means to surgically remove part of an organ.  In navigation, though, it has a different meaning.  According to the US military, it is defined as “the method of locating one's position on a map by determining the grid azimuth to at least two well-defined locations that can be pinpointed on the map.” 

In my book, Outdoor Navigation with GPS, I used the somewhat more familiar term, triangulation.  Basically, it is a way to find your position on a map by measuring the bearing to at least two known objects—things like mountain peaks, radio towers, or any other objects you can reliably identify on the map.  You measure the bearings to the objects with your compass, then draw lines through each of the objects on the map at the bearings you measured.  Your position is where all the lines intersect.

With the exception of Outdoor Navigation with GPS, every book I have ever read on the subject stops there.  It’s as if you can find your position to pinpoint accuracy just by following those simple instructions.  But there’s more to it than that. Would you know the answers to these questions?

• How accurately do you need to measure the bearings to each object?
• Will your measurements be more accurate if the objects you measure are far away or nearby?
• Will your measurements be more accurate if the objects are close to each other or far away from each other?
• Under what conditions would your triangulated position be in error by more than a mile, even if you have accurately measured and plotted your bearings?

Here are some quick answers.  For more details, refer to Outdoor Navigation with GPS:

• Try to measure bearings as accurately as possible.  With care, you should be able to measure a bearing to an accuracy of about 2 degrees.
• The accuracy to which you can find your position will be better if the objects are nearby.  If the object is a mile away and you measure its bearing to an accuracy of 2 degrees, the uncertainty in your location is less than 200 feet.  If the object is 10 miles away, your uncertainty grows to nearly 2000 feet.
• Try to measure objects that are at right angles to you.  Avoid objects that are in line or 180 degrees apart.
• The error in your position can be more than a mile if the objects you are measuring are far away (more than 10 miles), the accuracy of your measurement is no better than 5 degrees, and the objects are not at right angles to you.

Here’s a diagram from my book that illustrates the concepts.  Notice how your position accuracy is better at Position 1, where the objects are nearby, than at Position 2, where they are farther away:

How to Tell if You're a Famous Author

In the literary world, there are authors, and then there are AUTHORS.  What’s the difference?  Well, when an AUTHOR shows up to do a book-signing event at a bookstore, the store runs a one-line announcement in the local newspaper and is overwhelmed with fans ready to snap up autographed copies at full list price.  AUTHORS get to drive around in BMWs (when they’re not being chauffeured), have housekeepers and gardeners, and have lots of time to lie around on tropical beaches socializing and drinking Mai Tai’s.

When an author shows up for a book signing, he runs a full-page ad at his own expense, arrives in a 1989 Honda Civic, and gets three people to appear, two of whom are relatives and got the book for free.

AUTHORS get whole websites devoted entirely to them, complete with fancy animations and a thriving fan club.  authors are lucky if their publisher remembers to list their book on the publisher’s main website.

J.K Rowling is an AUTHOR.  Dave Barry is an AUTHOR.  Even someone like Barry Lopez, in the right part of the country, is an AUTHOR.  Let’s take a look at the kind of conversation an AUTHOR like Dave Barry has at a book signing and compare it to that of a typical author (I actually went to a Dave Barry book signing once, so I can quote this from personal experience):

    Adoring Dave Barry Fan (20-something female with long blonde hair who looks like she just stepped off the beach from Maui):  Shriek!  Look!  It’s Dave Barry!  I love him, I love him, I love him!  I’ve got to get him to sign my book!!!

    Dave Barry:  OK, OK, don’t push, I’ve got plenty of ink in my pen for everyone.

    Adoring Dave Barry Fan:  Dave Barry, you’re the most awesome author ever!  Please sign my book and inscribe it “To Amber, my greatest fan.”  And while you’re at it, please, please, please let me have your baby!

Now compare that to a recent conversation I had at my own book-signing event:

    Man off the street (who just happened to walk by): Are you really the author of this book?

    SWH: Yes, I really am.  (Opens the book to the back page and shows him the author’s photo, heavily retouched and taken awhile back.)  See, here’s my photo.

    Man off the street:  It doesn’t look like you.  That man has a beard.

    SWH: Yes, I had to shave it off.  My family and friends didn’t like it.

    Man off the street:  It still doesn’t look like you.  Are you sure that’s really you?

    SWH:  Yep, it sure is.  Can I sign a book for you?  We’re giving them away free tonight, you know.

    Man off the street:  Well, I don’t know, what did you say it’s about?

It’s my goal to become an AUTHOR, so every so often I check the Internet to see what my adoring fans are saying about me.  Since no one has yet had the foresight to create a fan club or Internet site for me, the next best thing is to check how my used book sales are doing on Amazon.  I’ve authored several books that are now out of print (perhaps a message in itself), and it’s always interesting to see how their investment value is holding up.  A recent listing for my first-ever book, a weighty tome for the high-tech industry called Handbook of Surface Mount Technology (originally priced at $103.00), underscores the challenge ahead of me.  A certain unnamed used-book store was selling a copy at a heavily discounted price with a description that read (I swear I’m not making this up):

   “Hard-to-find first edition in excellent condition except signed by the author.”

And while we’re on the subject of autographs, let me give you a tip.  If you want the author to sign a book so as to drive up its resale value (as opposed to because you really like him and his work), get him to just sign it, nothing else.  No one wants to buy a book that was obviously signed for someone else.  An inscription that reads “To Hattie Hayseed, from Dave Barry” won’t have the same collector’s value as a book that just has Mr. Barry’s signature.  So Amber made a rookie mistake by asking for her book to be inscribed to her.  It’s funny how my adoring fans never seem to make that same mistake with me.

How Long Will Your Digital Photos Survive?

Back in the days when photographers used to shoot with film cameras, we would worry about the archival quality of our photos.  How long would they survive before fading away into oblivion?  We ourselves might only live another 40 or 50 years, but such a short lifespan for our photos would be unthinkable.

Looking back at color prints from the 1960s and 1970s, our fears were well-founded.  Old Ektacolor prints have long since faded and shifted color toward the yellow.  Cibachrome prints and Kodachrome slides are much better, but not immune.  Whole collections of what were once professional-quality photos are now just interesting anachronisms.

The new generation of photographers, accustomed to shooting only digital, may laugh at such worries today.  If a photo print fades, just fire up your computer and print another.  Why worry?  Digital ones and zeroes don't fade with time.

But there's a whole body of research that suggests such complacency is unfounded.  Digital photos may fade away even faster than photographic prints; it's just that the failure mechanisms are different.  Here's a link to an interesting article from an unlikely source that describes the problems with digital photography in some detail:

Long-term archiving: digital photography's Achilles' heel

Major Security Breach at Epsilon Interactive

By now, many of you may have received emails alerting you to a security breach at Epsilon Interactive, an on-line company used by many major corporations to send marketing emails to customers. An outside hacker broke into the Epsilon network and gained access to numerous names and email addresses of their clients’ customers. Major corporations affected include Barclays Bank, Best Buy, Citibank, JP Morgan Chase, Marriott International, Target, Walgreens, Hilton Worldwide, and Disney Destinations, as well as a host of others. If you’ve received one of these emails, you might be wondering how it will affect you. I’ll try to answer that question here.

What Happened
Epsilon specializes in sending bulk marketing emails in the name of their client companies. It takes a certain amount of skill to craft personalized emails in a way that spam filters don’t block them, and this is Epsilon’s claim to fame. They send more than 40 billion emails on behalf of their clients annually to people who have provided an email address to the client company. Although Epsilon isn’t saying exactly what happened, it is clear that someone was able to hack into their network and obtain customer names and email addresses. Epsilon has stated that “approximately 2 percent of total clients” were hit, which would be about 50 companies. To date, Epsilon has not provided a detailed list of those companies, but the ones named above have notified their customers of the breach. Epsilon has made it very clear that the hackers only got names and email addresses, not any financial information. This means the information can’t immediately be used to do anything harmful, other than to send out more spam.

The Risk
Email addresses on their own aren’t all that valuable, but if you can tie a customer’s name and email account to a company they do business with, the problem becomes more serious. A hacker can create a customized email that appears to come from the client company to trick the customer into revealing sensitive information. Suppose, for example, you got an email from your bank encouraging you to sign up for a special offer. All you have to do is click on the link in the email, log into your account, and you’re all signed up. Of course the offer isn’t really from your bank, and the link takes you to a rogue website that captures your login information. Before you know it, the hacker uses it to break into your account and drain it dry.

How to Protect Yourself
The good news is that the stolen information by itself won’t let a hacker do anything harmful. As long as you practice due diligence in opening and reading emails, you should be safe. The first thing to remember is to never provide sensitive information—account names, passwords, social security numbers, etc., in response to an email request. Legitimate companies will never make such a request by email. Also be very cautious about clicking links in emails, and never enter any sensitive information onto a website you arrived at from an email link. Whenever you must enter sensitive information go to the company’s website by manually typing their web address into your browser (once you’ve done this, you can bookmark it for future use).

You may also want to consider investing in a strong spam filter for your email network, even beyond the anti-virus/anti-malware software you should all be using. There are two ways to do this, either by using a Cloud-based service or by using a hardware filter you add to your own network. Cloud-service companies such as AppRiver can filter almost all spam before it even gets into your network, or you can use a hardware email security appliance such as those offered by Barracuda Networks. Either option can significantly reduce the amount of unwanted spam clogging up your network.

Finally, make sure that access to your network is protected by strong passwords. Although we don’t know how the hacker got into the Epsilon network, we do know some of the techniques commonly used. One approach is to use a program that tries to brute-force its way into your network by automatically trying common usernames and passwords. Passwords like “1234” or the word “password” are easily hacked. At TeamLogic IT a new client recently asked us to repair damage to their network caused by a hacker. When we investigated, we discovered the break-in probably occurred because their server password was one of the most common and least secure passwords out there. Don’t let this happen to you.

To learn more about how to protect your network, including how to create strong passwords, read my previous blog entry, Protecting Your Business Against Cyber-Criminals.  And if you’d like TeamLogic IT to help improve the security of your network, just visit www.teamlogicit.com.